Baby, Infant (Newborn) - The occurrence of Factors Contributing to Low Birth Weight Babies

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Baby, Infant (Newborn) - The occurrence of Factors Contributing to Low Birth Weight Babies 
Human infant is a newborn until the age of 12 months, but no definite limits. According to psychology, child development is a period that spans from birth to 18 or 24 months. Infancy is a period that is highly dependent on adults. Many psychological activity that occurs only as a beginning such as language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, and social learning.  At this time humans are very cute and adorable but also susceptible to death. Infant mortality is divided into two, neonatal mortality (deaths in the first 27 days of life), and post-neonatal (after 27 days).

Feeding is done by special industrial milk. Babies have a sucking instinct, which makes them able to take milk from the breasts. If the mother can not breastfeed, or unwilling, infant formula is commonly used in Western countries. In other countries there is a hire "wet nurses" ( to breastfeeding infants.
Babies are not able to regulate the disposal of manure, therefore, is used diapers. Used baby diapers could be a regular cloth diapers or disposable nappies (diapers). Today, the disposable diaper usage becomes more popular than regular cloth diapers because it is more practical and not too much trouble. However, new problems arise mainly due to the use of disposable diapers is diaper rash problems. Sensitive skin of babies who are more often closed and became difficult to breathe thus allowing the onset of rash and irritation problems in the baby's skin. Although the problem of diaper rash is a common issue, but if left alone without proper treatment may develop serious problems such as inflammation and infection of the baby's skin.
The occurrence of Factors Contributing to Low Birth Weight Babies

* Mother Factor
o Nutrition during pregnancy is less

Lack of nutrition during pregnancy will adversely impact the fetus. Determination of good nutritional status is by measuring maternal weight before pregnancy and increase weight gain during pregnancy. Malnutrition in pregnant women can affect fetal growth process and can cause miscarriage, abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, birth defects, anemia in infants, asphyxia. Intra-partum (die in the womb) of low birth weight (LBW). Weight gain during pregnancy an average of 0.3 to 0.5 kg / week. When associated with pregnancy, weight gain during early pregnancy 5 kg, then each trimester (II and III) each increase of 5 kg. At the end of pregnancy, weight gain was 9-12 kg total. If there is excessive weight gain, to consider the risk of swelling, multiple pregnancy, hidroamnion, or a big kid. [Citation needed] Another indicator to determine the nutritional status of pregnant women is to measure the LLA. LLA is Upper Arm Circumference. LLA is less than 23.5 cm is a strong indicator for nutritional status are less / worse. Mothers at risk to give birth to children with Low Birth Weight (LBW). Thus, if it is found early in pregnancy, the officer may motivate him to pay more attention to maternal health (Hidayati, 2009).

o Age

Low birth weight is also correlated with maternal age. The highest percentage of babies with low birth weight found in groups of adolescents and women aged over 40 years. Mothers who are too young are often emotionally and physically immature, in addition to the generally low education, young mothers who are still dependent on others. LBW births was higher in young mothers aged less than 20 years. Teenagers often gave birth to babies with lower weight. This happens because they are not yet mature, and they do not have placental transfer system as efficiently as adult women. In women who are parents even though they have experienced, but his condition and his health had started to decline so that it can affect intra-uterine fetus and can cause low birth weight births. Maternal age factor is not the main factor of LBW births, but the birth of low birth weight appears to be increasing in women aged beyond the age of 20 to 35 years.
o Distance pregnancy and maternity are too close

Distance of less than 2 years of pregnancy can cause poor fetal growth, prolonged labor and bleeding in the uterus during labor because of circumstances not recovered properly. Mothers who gave birth to a child with a very close distance (under two years) will experience an increased risk of bleeding in third trimester, including for reasons of placenta previa, anemia and premature rupture of membranes and can give birth to low birth weight babies.

o Parity mother

Children over 4 can lead to impaired fetal growth that gave birth to babies with low birth weight and bleeding during delivery because the uterus is usually already weak state.

o maternal chronic disease
Asthma + bronkiale:

Effect of asthma on the mother and the fetus depends on the frequent and heavy attacks, because the mother and fetus to be deprived of oxygen (O2) or hypoxia. State of hypoxia if not addressed will certainly affect the fetus, and frequent miscarriage, premature labor or fetal weight do not correspond with gestational age (fetal growth disorders).

+ Urinary tract infection with bacteriuria without symptoms (asymptomatic):

Frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria approximately 20-10%, and is influenced by parity, race, socioeconomic pregnant women. Some researchers have an association with an increased incidence of bacteriuria incidence of anemia in pregnancy, premature delivery, impaired fetal growth, and preeclampsia.
+ Hypertension:

Hypertensive disease in pregnancy is a vascular disorder that occurs before pregnancy or arising in pregnancy or at the beginning of labor, hypertension in pregnancy is an important cause of stillbirth and neonatal death. Mothers with hypertension will lead to the occurrence of placental insufficiency, fetal hypoxia so stunted growth and premature births often occur. Hypertension in pregnant women are the early symptoms of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and causes of impaired fetal growth resulting in low birth weight.

o Lifestyle

Consumption of drugs during pregnancy: Increasing use of drugs (between 11% and 27% of pregnant women, depending on geographic location) has resulted in increasingly high incidence of premature birth, low birth weight, congenital defects, learning disabilities, and drug withdrawal symptoms in the fetus (Bobak, 2004). Alcohol consumption during pregnancy: Use of alcohol during pregnancy is associated with miscarriage (spontaneous abortion), mental retardation, low birth weight and fetal alcohol syndrome.

* Factor of pregnancy
o Complications of Pregnancy
+ Pre-eclampsia / Eclampsia:

Pre-eclampsia / Eclampsia can cause growth retardation or IUGR fetus in the womb and stillbirth. This is because the mother will cause Pre-eklampsia/Eklampsia perkapuran in the placenta, while baby food and oxygen from the placenta, the presence in the area of ​​the placenta, which supplies food and oxygen into the fetus is reduced.
Premature rupture of membranes +

Premature rupture of membranes when expressed prior to the delivery takes place. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is caused by due to the reduced strength of the membrane caused by an infection that can originate from the vagina and cervix. In normal labor or rupture of the membranes are usually resolved after a complete opening, if premature rupture of membranes, is an important issue in obstetric complications associated with preterm birth and maternal infection.

o hydramnios

Hydramnios or sometimes also called polyhydramnios is a state in which the amount of amniotic fluid exceeding 2000 cc. Hydramnios symptoms occur solely because of mechanical factors as a result of a large uterus presses on the organs around him. Hydramnios should be considered a high risk pregnancy because it can harm the mother and child. Prognosis of children less well because of congenital abnormalities, prematurity, prolapse funikuli and others.

o Pregnant double / Gemeli

Fetal weight in twin pregnancies is lighter than a single fetus in pregnancy at the same gestational age. Until 30 weeks of pregnancy weight gain twins with a single fetus pregnancies. After that, weight gain is smaller, probably due to excessive strain causing reducing placental blood circulation. Weight of the fetus in twin pregnancies on average 1000 grams lighter than the single-fetus pregnancy. Weight newborns in twin pregnancies is generally less than 2500 grams. An important factor in this trend is the occurrence of parturition prematurus.
o antepartum haemorrhage

Antepartum hemorrhage is bleeding in pregnancy above 22 weeks until delivery towards before the baby is born (Saifuddin, 2002). The main complications of antepartum bleeding is bleeding that causes anemia and shock that caused the bad state of the mother. This situation is caused disruption to the placenta resulting in fetal anemia occurs even shock that resulted in intrauterine fetal intrauterine death (Wiknjosastro, 1999: 365). If the fetus can be saved, can occur low birth weight, respiratory failure syndrome and complications asphyxia.

o Factors fetus
+ Congenital Defects (congenital abnormalities)

Congenital abnormalities are structural abnormalities in the baby's growth arising from the life of egg products of conception. Babies who are born with congenital abnormalities, generally will be born as Low Birth Weight Infants (LBW) or small baby to her pregnancy. Low Birth Weight Infants with severe congenital abnormalities which have approximately 20% die within the first week of life.

+ Infection In Uterus

Infectious hepatitis in pregnancy comes from impaired liver function in regulating and maintaining the body's metabolism, so that the flow of nutrients to the fetus may be interrupted or reduced. Therefore, the influence of hepatitis infection causes abortion or birth prematurity and fetal death in utero. Pregnant women with rubella infection would adversely impact the fetus. These infections can cause low birth weight babies, birth defects and fetal death.

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